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Satellites See Shadows Of Ancient Glaciers 30 May 2004 
People in the central and eastern United States and Canada are used to the idea that the land they live on - its variety of hills, lakes and rivers - are left over from the great mile-thick ice sheets that covered the area 18,000 years ago. They may, however, be surprised to learn that today, long after the glaciers melted, an international research team led by Northwestern University geologists using the Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites can "see" the land moving - up to half an inch per year in some places - as the earth rebounds in response to the ice that once pushed the land down. Looking at data from more than 200 sites across the continent, the researchers discovered a spectacular pattern. While sites in Canada are rising, with those near Hudson Bay (where the ice load was heaviest) rising the fastest, U.S. sites south of the Great Lakes are sinking instead of rebounding. "If you take the load off of road tar it won't pop back immediately," said Seth Stein, professor of geological sciences at Northwestern. "The earth is similar - the ground continues to rebound as the viscous mantle flows back in. It is amazing that we can actually see this going on now. The glaciers continue to make their presence felt." These small motions resulting from "post-glacial rebound" (GPS can detect motions as small as 1/25 of an inch per year) stem from the fact that the mantle below the earth's crust flows like a super-viscous fluid -- much, much stickier than road tar or maple syrup. The mantle is still flowing to fill areas underneath the places where the heavy ice sheets pushed out the mantle 18,000 years ago. A good reason to study post-glacial rebound is that it tells about the properties of the deeper earth. The initial GPS results indicate that the lower mantle (below a depth of 400 miles) is probably not much stiffer than the upper mantle, contrary to what has been often thought.
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